Academic Journals

Many scholars and authors have provided information about the Watchtower and Jehovah’s Witnesses in an academic setting. Most of the following are available on JSTOR. Most people do not have access to these books, journals and articles, and unfortunately most cannot be reproduced here due to copyright infringement. We can provide a list of several articles on many different topics, and in some cases we can provide the original material (where permission is granted, for example).

In a few cases, we will also be able to provide generated summaries, where these summaries are not so close to the original that they partially plagiarize the author’s full material. In most cases, the links will only work for persons who have specific access to the full JSTOR collection. But the information in the link is for reference so that persons with some access can locate the article for themselves. (JSTOR allows limited access to a number of articles every month for students or logged-in “guest” subscribers. Some of the material may be available outside of JSTOR.

  1. The Pain of the Millennium: Charles Taze Russell and the Jehovah’s Witnesses, 1879-1916. Journal Article. The Pain of the Millennium: Charles Taze Russell and the Jehovah’s Witnesses, 1879- 1916. Edward H. Abrahams, American Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (spring 1977), pp. 57-70…of the millennium charles taze russell and the Jehovah’s Witnesses 1879-1916 Edward H. Abrahams Like surging waves of the sea under a rising wind, sound the concerted mutterings of innumerable voices against the present social system.1 Charles Taze Russell, 1897. In 1879, Charles Taze Russell began publishing Zion’s Watch Tower…
  2. Prophetic Failure and Chiliastic Identity: The Case of Jehovah’s Witnesses Journal Article Prophetic Failure and Chiliastic Identity: The Case of Jehovah’s WitnessesJoseph F. Zygmunt American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 75, No. 6 (May, 1970), pp. 926-948…humanity. The completion of Christ’s redemptive mission lay in the near future, and would be accomplished through his establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth after his second coming ( Russell 1899, vol. 5). The inauguration of the millennial Kingdom would pass through two phases, one destructive, the other…
  3. Journal Article Grieving the Living: The Social Death of Former Jehovah’s Witnesses Heather J. Ransom, Rebecca L. Monk, Derek Heim Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 61, No. 3 (June 2022), pp. 2458-2481…, while having a sense of agency and establishing new (online) social connections may help mitigate adverse consequences. Implications and future research directions are discussed. Keywords Jehovah’s Witnesses · Ostracism · Identity · Self-esteem · Mental well- being Introduction Jehovah’s Witnesses (JWs…
  4. An Introduction to Research and Analysis of Jehovah’s Witnesses: A View from the Watchtower Journal Article. An Introduction to Research and Analysis of Jehovah’s Witnesses: A View from the Watchtower. Carolyn R. Wah. Review of Religious Research, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Dec., 2001), pp. 161-174…earth. Although Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that Jehovah has always had witnesses or faithful servants in the earth from the time of Abel, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania was incorporated in 1884 as a legal organization. The corporation’s first president, CharlesTazeRussell , began publishing a Bible-based…
  5. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD: Book Chapter RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD: THE CASE OF JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES IN CHILD CUSTODY LITIGATION (pp. 193-234) Carolyn R. Wah From: Chercheurs de dieux dans l’espace public – Frontier Religions in Public Space, Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa (2001) OPEN ACCESS…Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania was incorporated in 1884. In 1879, the corporation’s first president, Charles Taze Russell, began publishing a Bible-based journal, Zion’s Watchtower and Herald of Christ’s Presence. Its companion magazine, The Golden Age, began publication in 1919. Now referred to as The Watchtower and thé…
  6. Journal Article Sect-State Relations: Accounting for the Differing Trajectories of Seventh-Day Adventists and Jehovah’s Witnesses Ronald Lawson Sociology of Religion, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Winter, 1995), pp. 351-377 …also its position on the church-sect continuum. Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah’s Witnesses share common roots. Adventists grew directly out of the Millerite movement: They were one of several fragments which survived the “great disappointment ” of October 21, 1844, the date which Baptist lay preacher and biblical chronologist…
  7. The Sects Journal Article The Sects Charles S. Braden The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 256, Organized Religion in the United States (Mar., 1948), pp. 53-62…Sects By CHARLES S. BRADEN THERE is no universally accepted definition of a sect. The term is used by some as synonymous with denomination and by others as synonymous with cult; practically no one ever considers his own group either a sect or a cult. These terms seem to…
  8. The Watch Tower Society and the End of the Cold War: Interpretations of the End-Times, Superpower Conflict, and the Changing Geo-Political Order Journal Article The Watch Tower Society and the End of the Cold War: Interpretations of the End-Times, Superpower Conflict, and the Changing Geo-Political OrderZoe Knox Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 79, No. 4 (DECEMBER 2011), pp. 1018-1049…to reconcile the spiritual and the secular in the modern world indicates that the organization is adept at recasting (and resurrecting) failed narratives and adapting contemporary events to reaffirm CharlesTaze Russell’s interpretations of biblical chronology, first expounded in the 1880s. *Zoe Knox, School of Historical Studies…
  9. When Prophecy Passes Unnoticed: New Perspectives on Failed Prophecy Journal Article When Prophecy Passes Unnoticed: New Perspectives on Failed Prophecy Chris Bader Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Mar., 1999), pp. 119-131…The Jehovah’s Witnesses. From its origins in Charles Taze Russell’s (1852-1916) Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, the Jehovah’s Witnesses have had a penchant for prophecy. Russell initially predicted 1874 as the year of the Second Coming. When the year passed without incident, Russell argued that Christ had “appeared invisibly” (Bainbridge…
  10. Psychotherapy and the Fundamentalist Client: The Aims and Challenges of Treating Jehovah’s Witnesses Journal Article Psychotherapy and the Fundamentalist Client: The Aims and Challenges of Treating Jehovah’s Witnesses Meredith L. Friedson Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 54, No. 2 (April 2015), pp. 693-712…to an eschatological view of existence, in which the end of days will befall humanity in Armageddon. Its founder, CharlesTazeRussell (1852-1916), prophesied that in 1874, Christ would return to earth in an invisible, spiritual form. From that moment on, there would be a forty-year waiting period…
  11. Religious Liberty v. Police Power: Jehovah’s Witnesses Journal Article Religious Liberty v. Police Power: Jehovah’s Witnesses Hollis W. Barber The American Political Science Review, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Apr., 1947), pp. 226-247…is a Snare,” and “Millions Now Living Will Never Die.” With a fine neutrality, they consign to the leaping flames all existing religious beliefs other than their own, although they are especially antagonistic to Roman Catholicism. Followers of “Pastor” CharlesTazeRussell and “Judge” Joseph Frederick Rutherford…
  12. A New “Generation” of Jehovah’s Witnesses: Revised Interpretation, Ritual, and Identity Journal Article A New “Generation” of Jehovah’s Witnesses: Revised Interpretation, Ritual, and IdentityDavid L. Weddle Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, Vol. 3, No. 2 (April 2000), pp. 350-367…Witnesses had long been taught, however, that Jesus addressed these words to a specific cohort, namely those with a living memory of the events of 1914, the date when Jesus was said to have inaugurated the kingdom age by assuming his place of ruling authority in the heavens. CharlesTazeRussell…
  13. Seeking Primitive Christianity in the Waldensian Valleys Journal Article Seeking Primitive Christianity in the Waldensian Valleys: Protestants, Mormons, Adventists and Jehovah’s Witnesses in Italy Michael W. Homer Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, Vol. 9, No. 4 (MAY 2006), pp. 5-33...neighborhood) in San Germano Chisone, read CharlesTaze Russell’s The Divine Plan of the Ages (1886). Russell (1852–1916) was the founder of Zion’s Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (the forerunner of the Jehovah’s Witnesses) in 1881. Official Jehovah’s Witness publications have claimed that Russell visited the Waldensian valleys in 1891and…
  14. Comparing the Geographic Distributions and Growth of Mormons, Adventists, and Witnesses Journal Article Comparing the Geographic Distributions and Growth of Mormons, Adventists, and WitnessesRonald Lawson, Ryan T. Cragun Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 51, No. 2 (JUNE 2012), pp. 220-240...modernization in subsequent decades. CharlesTazeRussell , the founder of what was initially called the Bible Students, urged his followers to share their beliefs with others, and prepared publications for this purpose. Since participation was not required, he began recruiting full- and part-time colporteurs ( Russell 1881:7). These bore the…
  15. RUSSELL, BARBOUR ET LE RETOUR DE JÉSUS EN 1874 Journal Article RUSSELL, BARBOUR ET LE RETOUR DE JÉSUS EN 1874 Bernard Blandre Revue de l’histoire des religions, Vol. 195, No. 1 (JANVIER 1979), pp. 55-67…RUSSELL , BARBOUR ET LE RETOUR DE JÉSUS EN 1874 Etude Etude sur l’évolution de la pensée de CharlesTaze Bussell, tige tige de diverses sectes dont les Témoins de Jéhovah. Russell n’a n’a pas manifesté de répugnance pour les calculs chronologiques au au début de sa carrière. N. H. Barbour…
  16. Religious Issues Within The Supreme Court Documents Religious Issues Within The Supreme Court 2024 Friedman, Ellie, McVey, Sheppard, Kennedy, Sally Sewanee: Scholarship Sewanee 2024 (2024-04-26) From: Scholarship Sewanee, part of Faculty and Student Research FREE
  17. Book Notes Journal Article Book Notes Church History, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), p. 128 ...of the movement he describes. He follows the detailed correlations with care and interest (where an outsider like the reviewer soon becomes bored). He evidences real sympathy for the biblical searchings and convictions of Charles Taze Russell. He shows hostility toward Judge Rutherford, who changed a movement among Bible…
  18. Journal Article The Growth of the Millerite Legend Francis D. Nichol Church History, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Dec., 1952), pp. 296-313…OF THE MILLERITE -LEGEND FRANCIS D. NICHOL Editor, Review and Herald In history books, in newspapers and in religious journals, and most impressively of all, in ponderous encyclopedias, has been carried down to us for a hundred years, a strange and wondrous story. The story concerns a religious group called Millerites…
  19. Journal Article Unrecognized charisma? A study and comparison of five charismatic leaders: Charles Taze Russell, Joseph Smith, L Ron Hubbard, Swami Prabhupada and Sun Myung MoonGeorge D. Chryssides Max Weber Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (JULY 2012), pp. 185-204…A study and comparison of five charismatic leaders: CharlesTazeRussell , Joseph Smith, L Ron Hubbard, Swami Prabhupada and Sun Myung Moon. George D. Chryssides. Abstract: Drawing on Max Weber’s theories of charismatic leadership and succession, discussion is given to a number of leaders of recent religious organizations. It…
  20. Ethiopianism and African Nationalism Journal Article Ethiopianism and African NationalismGeorge SheppersonPhylon (1940-1956), Vol. 14, No. 1 (1st Qtr., 1953), pp. 9-18…critical of European rule. He seems to have spent many of the intervals after deportation in South Africa and in the United States. He came into contact with many American protestant sects and was for at least eighteen months, after a personal visit to Pastor Charles Taze Russell…
  21. Journal Article Millennial Fevers Benjamin McArthur Reviews in American History, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Sep., 1996), pp. 369-382…of Millerism in college and high school history textbooks tends to be cursory or lacking altogether.4 Still, Millerite commentary has matured during the past century and a half, and today the movement finds a more complex-and appreciative-interpretation than ever before. This evolution is interesting on its own terms. But Millerite…
  22. ‘The Humbugg of the World at an End’: the apocalyptic imagination and the uses of collective fantasy in Norfolk in 1844 Journal Article ‘The Humbugg of the World at an End’: the apocalyptic imagination and the uses of collective fantasy in Norfolk in 1844 Karl Bell Social History, Vol. 31, No. 4 (November 2006), pp. 454-468 …Through the 1830s and 1840s his conclusions were disseminated in speaking tours and printed publications. Following 22 March 1844, the date was recalculated to 22 October. The failure of this second date in the United States resulted 111 what became known as the ‘ Great Disappointment ‘. The Millerites were not…
  23. MILLERITES IN PENNSYLVANIA Journal Article MILLERITES IN PENNSYLVANIA Barbara Franco Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, Vol. 89, No. 1 (WINTER 2022), pp. 36-73…Millerites in Pennsylvania Barbara Franco Independent Scholar abstract: Pennsylvania’s Second Advent history offers a new perspective on the nineteenth-century religious phenomenon of the Millerites since members were drawn from the state’s diverse ethnicities and nonconformist religious sects…

BOOK AND ARTICLE REVIEWS

  1. Journal Article Book Notes Church History, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), p. 128…of the movement he describes. He follows the detailed correlations with care and interest (where an outsider like the reviewer soon becomes bored). He evidences real sympathy for the biblical searchings and convictions of CharlesTazeRussell . He shows hostility toward Judge Rutherford who changed a movement among Bible…
  2. Front Matter Journal Article Front Matter American Jewish History, Vol. 78, No. 1 (September 1988)…Toward Zion — II. Edited by Moshe Davis Zionism Within Early American Fundamentalism, by David Rausch Pastor Charles Taze Russell , by David Horowitz, reviewed by Robert Andrew Everett
  3. Back Matter Journal Article Back Matter Max Weber Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (JULY 2012)…MAX WEBER STUDIES VOLUME 12.2 • JULY 2012 Contents Apocalyptic Rhetoric on the American Religious Right: Quasi-Charisma and Anti-Charisma Daniel Whisker Unrecognized charisma? A study and comparison of five charismatic leaders: CharlesTazeRussell , Joseph Smith, L Ron Hubbard, Swami Prabhupada…
  4. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] American Fundamentalism and Israel: The Relation of Fundamentalist Churches to Zionism and the State of Israel by Yona Malachy Review by: Ernest R. Sandeen American Jewish History, Vol. 69, No. 1 (September 1979), pp. 137-138…is a rewarding and commendable depth to his treatment of all of the groups. No unanimity concerning the restoration movement existed among the Protestant groups whom Professor Malachy studied. The Adventists showed no interest in the restoration, but Charles Taze Russell, the first leader of the group today known as…
  5. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] The Jehovah’s Witnesses. by Herbert Hewitt Stroup Review by: Forrest L. Weller American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Sep., 1945), p. 160…vii+I8o. $2.50. For many years the Jehovah’s Witnesses were known as Russellites, after their founder, Charles Taze Russell , who began the movement in I872, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Under a totalitarian organization, Joseph Franklin Rutherford has become the sole religious instructor of the group. There is no local…
  6. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] Kitawala. Ursprung, Ausbreitung und Religion der Watch-Tower-Bewegung in Zentralafrika by Hans-Jürgen GreschatReview by: Georg HöltkerAnthropos, Bd. 63/64, H. 3./4. (1968/1969), pp. 607-608…4.) 128 pp. in 8°. Mit 3 Kt. Marburg 1967. N. G. Elwert. Preis: DM 18,-. Zunächst ein Wort zur Namenerklärung: „Watch-Tower” geht zurück auf die Zeitschrift „Zion’s Watch Tower …”, die der Sektenprediger Charles Taze Russell aus Pennsylvanien 1879 in Nordamerika gegründet hat. Kitawala besteht aus Tawala, dem bantuisierten „Tower”…
  7. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] The Holy Land in American Protestant Life, 1800-1948: A Documentary History by Robert T. Handy Review by: John M. Mulder Church History, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Sep., 1983), p. 420…are both scholarly and popular, and they include the diverse perceptions of Charles Taze Russell , Adam Clayton Powell, Sr., Harry Emerson Fosdick, Philip Schaff, and others. For anyone interested in studying a central theme of American Protestantism and a continuing and tragic issue in world affairs, this book is a…
  8. [Jehovah’s Witnesses and Kindred Groups: A Historical Compendium and Bibliography] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] Jehovah’s Witnesses and Kindred Groups: A Historical Compendium and Bibliography by Jerry Bergman Review by: Henry O. Thompson International Social Science Review, Vol. 62, No. 4 (AUTUMN 1987), pp. 182-183…World Translation was made between 1950-1960), indices, the writings of CharlesTazeRussell , etc. Section Two is on material associated with the Russell movement, including presociety and contemporary works (Nelson Barbour, William Miller, Piazzi Smyth, George Storrs, John Paton, the Edgar brothers) that influenced Russell. The third section…
  9. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] The Jehovah’s Witnesses by Herbert Hewitt Stroup Review by: Paul S. Smith Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Dec., 1945), p. 473…press. In this connection, the sect has been responsible for more judicial decisions during the past six years than were rendered during all our previous history. The Witnesses are less well known for their chief historical leaders ( CharlesTazeRussell and Joseph Franklin Rutherford), their organization and finance, their…
  10. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] The Jehovah’s Witnesses. by Herbert Hewitt Stroup Review by: Edna Cooper Social Forces, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Mar., 1946), pp. 365-366…in its early stages of development. The Jehovah’s Witnesses were organized in Pennsylvania by Charles Taze Russell in 1872. The area of membership later extended over this country and parts of Europe. At the present time…
  11. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] The Roots of Fundamentalism. British and American Millenarianism, 1800-1930 by Ernest R. Sandeen Review by: Paul A. CarterThe Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Oct., 1972), pp. 471-472…intimates that for Fundamentalists the “menace of Darwinism” was a comparatively late concern; yet Charles Hodge, an early father of the Princeton Theology, was also a doughty foe of evolution. So was Charles Taze Russell , founder of Jehovah’s Witnesses, whose brand of millenarianism the author has ruled outside the…
  12. BOOKS RECEIVED Journal Article BOOKS RECEIVED American Journal of Theology & Philosophy, Vol. 7, No. 3 (September, 1986), pp. 169-171…University of Chicago Press, 1986. 176 pages. Hardbound. Horowitz, David. Pastor Charles Taze Russell : An Early American Christian Zionist. Philosophical Library, Inc., 1986. 159 pages. Hardbound. Jacquet, Constant H., ed. Yearbook of American Churches, 1985. Abingdon Press, 1985. 300 pages. Pape*. Killinger,…
  13. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah’s Witnesses by M. James Penton Review by: Timothy P. Weber The American Historical Review, Vol. 91, No. 5 (Dec., 1986), pp. 1279-1280…were scanning the Scriptures for clues to Christ’s coming, Charles Taze Russell founded the Bible Students’ Association. At first similar to other evangelical millenarians, the members of the association soon went their own way. They adopted an Arian christology and developed a rather unique way of calculating events of the…
  14. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] Jehovah’s Witness and Kindred Groups, a Historical Compendium and Bibliography by Jerry Bergman Review by: Régis Dericquebourg Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 31e Année, No. 61.2 (Apr. – Jun., 1986), pp. 229-231...de la Societe de la Tour de Garde (nom officiel de l’organisation jehoviste); 2) aux ecrits ayant influence son fondateur : CharlesTazeRussell ; 3)aux textes concernant la secte; 4)aux documents provenant de ses schismes americains; 5)la cinquieme partie fournit une information equivalente..
  15. The Sorrowful Muslim’s Guide Book Chapter The Sorrowful Muslim’s Guide (pp. 23-40) HUSSEIN AHMAD AMIN From: The Sorrowful Muslim’s Guide, Edinburgh University Press (2018) OPEN ACCESS…, and commonly held to have pretensions to superior sanctity. Hellenism is the ancient Greek culture, while Hellenisation is the spread of Hellenism in places conquered by the Greeks. Jehovah’s Witnesses, founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell , is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination…
  16. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] The Church and the City (1865–1910) The American Heritage Series by Robert D. Cross Review by: Egal Feldman American Jewish Historical Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 2, THE ROLE OF HEBREW AND YIDDISH IN AMERICAN JEWISH LIFE (DECEMBER, 1969), pp. 237-238…of the documents. The collection includes essays by such American church men as John Lancaster Spalding, Washington Gladden, Henry Ward Beecher, Dwight L. Moody, Charles Taze Russell , W. S. Rainsford, Charles Stelzle, and Mary Baker Eddy. Although these individuals were all active and well known in American religious history, few…
  17. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] American Originals: Homemade Varieties of Christianity by Paul K. Conkin Review by: Howard DorganThe Georgia Historical Quarterly, Vol. 82, No. 2 (SUMMER 1998), pp. 471-472…their contributions might contain Ellen G. White and her prophetic visions relative to Sabbatarianism, William Miller and his projection of an 1843 apocalyptic advent, CharlesTazeRussell and his prediction for a 1914 beginning of the millennium, and James J. Strang and his post-Joseph Smith revelations leading to the establishment of…
  18. PROTESTANT MISSION IN CHINA. Book Chapter PROTESTANT MISSION IN CHINA.: A PROLETARIAN PERSPECTIVE (pp. 149-164) ERIK SIDENVALL From: Christian Masculinity: Men and Religion in Northern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Leuven University Press (2011) Edition: 1 OPEN ACCESS...also have been due to the fact that Nelly Hall had become a rather suspicious character to Swedish revivalist in the early 1910s due to her association with Charles Taze Russell , founder of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. We need therefore not be surprised that she is left out of this account….
  19. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] The Spiritual Crisis of the Gilded Age by Paul A. Carter Review by: Stephen J. Stein Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 68, No. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1972), pp. 262-263...Robert Ingersoll and Samuel Clemens, critics of traditional religion; Isaac Mayer Wise and Washington Gladden, modernizers of traditions; Lew Wallace and Henry Ward Beecher, popularizers of unique brands of spirituality; and Andrew Jackson Davis and Charles Taze Russell , prophets of Spiritualism and the Jehovah’s Witnesses respectively. The…
  20. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] Jehovah’s Witnesses: The New World Society by Marley Cole Review by: Sidney E. Mead The Journal of Religion, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan., 1956), pp. 47-49...manner of presentation makes for a warmly human appreciation of the Witnesses themselves. To outsiders, the history of the movement begins with “Pastor” CharlesTazeRussell , who in 1879 launched the magazine Zion’s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence and in 1884, with some associates, incorporated…
  21. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] Makers of Christian Theology in America by Mark G. Toulouse, James O. Duke Sources of Christian Theology in America Review by: D. G. Hart The Journal of Presbyterian History (1997-), Vol. 79, No. 3, Denominational History Today (FALL 2001), pp. 240-241…Altizer, and George A. Lindbeck, while neglecting contributions from such Makers as Washington Gladden, Charles Augustus Briggs, Edgar Young Mullins, Cyrus IngersonScofield, Ellen G. H.White, Charles Taze Russell , William Adams Brown, J. Gresham Machen, Francis Schaeffer, and Carl F. H. Henry appears to slant the source book more toward…
  22. [Untitled] Journal Article Review: [Untitled] Kitawala: Ursprung, Ausbreitung und Religion der Watch-Tower-Bewegung in Zentralafrika by Hans-Jürgen Greschat Review by: Marcia Wright African Historical Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1969), pp. 156-157…and represents the popular designation of the Central African movement supported by literature of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. Kitawala in some respects defies classification, for it contains ingredients of Ethiopianism, millennialism along lines developed by Charles Taze Russell , the American founder, and unique accommodations…

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