

Barbara Anderson was a member of Jehovah’s Witnesses from 1954 to 1997. Working at the Watchtower’s headquarters in Brooklyn, New York, with her late husband Joe from 1982 to 1992, she researched and wrote articles for the Awake! magazine, as well as researched the movement’s official history published in 1993 as “Jehovah’s Witnesses—Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom.”
Barbara’s discoveries at Bethel and her extensive research on issues related to child sexual abuse in the religion led her to become an outspoken critic of Jehovah’s Witnesses sexual abuse policies on major TV and radio programs.
Barbara Anderson has a massive collection of documents, letters, and books representing nearly every decade since the 1830s. Her collection includes many old and long out-of-print volumes written by both supporters and critics of the Watch Tower Society and its founders.
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Watchtower History
How the Watch Tower Society grew from a Pennsylvania Bible study group into a global organization, and how its structure, teachings and legal position changed along the way.
Organizational History Watchtower Organizational History Doctrinal History Watchtower Doctrinal History WT Legal and Policy History Supreme Court and Civil Rights Defense WT Corporate Charters Watchtower’s Corporate History Documents Did You Know? (Some News, Some WT History WBBR, Russell, Rutherford History of WBBR (WT Radio) WBBR, Rutherford, Transcripts, Video
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Child Abuse Issues
Documents, court records and reporting on how the organization has handled allegations of child sexual abuse, including its policies, its litigation, and the inquiries that followed.
Past Cases Involving JWs Watchtower Defense Strategies Australian Royal Commission Hearings, exhibits and findings Government Inquiries & Case Studies Australia, UK, USA, mandatory reporting Civil Abuse and Coercion Shunning, high control, medical coercion Court Documents, Zalkin, etc Legal & Lawsuits Secrets of Pedophilia in an American Religion Fully Detailed Cases collected by Barbara
- Contributed Articles Research and writing contributed by others, including the archives of Alan Feuerbacher and Richard Rawe, alongside shorter pieces sent in by readers.
- Scholarly Studies of JWs Peer-reviewed and academic treatments of the movement: sociological studies, membership statistics, and reviews of the scholarly literature.
- Experiences First-hand accounts from people who left: what life afterwards actually looks like, the support that helped, and how beliefs shifted over time.
- Stories from JW HQ Accounts from inside Bethel, the movement’s headquarters: daily life, the people who ran it, and the recollections of those who worked there.
- Resources Where to look next: related websites current and archived, books by Witnesses and former Witnesses, and video and social media coverage.
- News Current reporting on the organisation: general developments, abuse and legal stories as they break, and the controversies drawing wider press attention.

Watchtower Society Timeline (USA only)
- 1870Charles Taze Russell forms a Bible study group in Allegheny, Pennsylvania
- 1876Russell meets Nelson Barbour and adopts his chronology; becomes assistant editor of Herald of the Morning
- 1877Russell and Barbour jointly publish Three Worlds
- 1878Russell breaks with Barbour and withdraws his financial backing
- 1879 JulyRussell begins publishing Zion’s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence
- 1881 2/16Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society is formed in Pittsburgh, with W. H. Conley as president
- 1884 12/15The Society is legally incorporated in Pennsylvania; Russell becomes president
- 1886The first volume of Millennial Dawn, later Studies in the Scriptures, is published
- 1889The Society moves to Bible House, newly built premises on Arch Street, Allegheny
- 1896 9/19The corporation is renamed Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
- 1898 AprilTitle to Bible House is transferred to the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
- 1900The first overseas branch office opens in Britain
- 1903A branch office opens in Germany
- 1904A branch office opens in Australia
- 1908Russell begins requiring directors to sign undated resignations he can invoke at will
- 1908 3/4Maria Russell is granted a limited divorce
- 1909Headquarters moves from Allegheny to Brooklyn, New York; the Bethel home is established
- 1909 2/23The People’s Pulpit Association is incorporated in New York, its charter giving the president absolute control
- 1909 OctoberAn adjoining building at 122 Columbia Heights is bought
- 1911A nine-story residential block is built at the rear of the Brooklyn headquarters
- 1913Russell loses a libel action against the Reverend J. J. Ross in Canada
- 1914The Photo-Drama of Creation is released and shown to large audiences
- 1914The International Bible Students Association is incorporated in Britain
- 1916 10/31Russell dies aboard a train near Pampa, Texas
- 1917 1/6Joseph Franklin Rutherford is elected president of the Society
- 1917 7/12Rutherford declares four board seats vacant and appoints replacements
- 1917 JulyThe Finished Mystery is published; four directors are ousted in the ensuing leadership dispute
- 1917 8/8The ousted directors leave the Brooklyn headquarters
- 1918 1/5Rutherford is returned to office at the annual election
- 1918 5/7Warrants are issued for Rutherford and seven associates
- 1918 6/21Rutherford and seven associates are sentenced to long prison terms under the Espionage Act
- 1919About one in seven Bible Students leave rather than accept Rutherford‘s leadership, forming rival movements
- 1919 1/2Imprisoned, Rutherford learns he has been re-elected president
- 1919 3/26Rutherford and his associates are released from Atlanta penitentiary on bail
- 1919 9/1Cedar Point convention, Ohio: The Golden Age magazine is announced
- 1920 2/1The Watch Tower is printed on the Society’s own presses at Myrtle Street, Brooklyn, for the first time
- 1920 5/5All charges against Rutherford and his associates are formally dropped
- 1922The printing factory moves to 18 Concord Street, Brooklyn
- 1922 9/5Second Cedar Point convention: ‘Advertise the King and the Kingdom’ becomes the rallying cry
- 1924 2/24Radio station WBBR is dedicated on Staten Island
- 1926The factory moves to a new eight-story building at 117 Adams Street, Brooklyn
- 1929Beth Sarim is built in San Diego, California
- 1931 7/26At the Columbus, Ohio convention the name Jehovah’s Witnesses is adopted
- 1932Elective elders are abolished in favour of appointed service directors
- 1938Theocratic organisation is instituted; congregations lose the right to elect their own servants
- 1941 8/10St. Louis Theocratic Assembly: the book Children is released to 15,000 young people
- 1942 1/8Rutherford dies at Beth Sarim
- 1942 1/13Nathan Homer Knorr is elected the third president of the Society
- 1942 9/20New World Theocratic Assembly, Cleveland: Knorr delivers ‘Peace – Can It Last?’
- 1943The Theocratic Ministry School is established in every congregation
- 1943 2/1The Watchtower Bible School of Gilead opens in South Lansing, New York
- 1944 9/30Charter changes are announced in Pittsburgh to bring the 1884 charter into ‘closer harmony with theocratic principles’
- 1945 1/1The amended charter takes effect, ending the voting-shares system
- 1949The Adams Street factory expansion is completed, occupying an entire city block
- 1950 8/2Theocracy’s Increase Assembly, Yankee Stadium: the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures is released
- 1953 7/19New World Society Assembly, Yankee Stadium, New York: attendance exceeds 165,000
- 1955The corporation is renamed Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
- 1956A 13-story building is constructed at 77 Sands Street, Brooklyn
- 1958 7/27Divine Will International Assembly at Yankee Stadium and the Polo Grounds; peak attendance 253,922
- 1961The complete New World Translation is released in one volume
- 1963Everlasting Good News’ Around-the-World Assembly spans 24 countries
- 1963Watchtower Farms at Wallkill, New York, is purchased; a second parcel follows in 1967
- 1968An adjoining 11-story printing factory is completed in Brooklyn
- 1969Peace on Earth’ International Assemblies are held worldwide
- 1969 NovemberThe Squibb complex in Brooklyn is purchased
- 1971Founding members: F. W. Franz, Raymond Franz, Gangas, Greenlees, Groh, Henschel, W. K. Jackson, Knorr, Suiter, Sullivan, Swingle
- 1971 10/1The Governing Body is formally established, initially eleven members
- 1972The congregation elder arrangement replaces the single congregation servant
- 1974The Towers Hotel on Willow Street is bought for accommodation
- 1974 11/28Charles Fekel is announced as a new Governing Body member
- 1975The Governing Body is enlarged; Booth, Barry, Klein, Schroeder, Sydlik, Jaracz, Barber and Barr join
- 1976 1/1The Governing Body reorganises into six committees and takes supervision of all Society activities, decisively reducing the president’s power
- 1977 6/8Nathan Knorr dies
- 1977 6/22Frederick William Franz becomes the fourth president of the Society
- 1977 9/7Martin Poetzinger is announced as a Governing Body member
- 1979Ewart Chitty resigns from the Governing Body
- 1979The Society operates 39 printing branches worldwide
- 1980 5/22Raymond Franz leaves the Governing Body
- 1981Raymond Franz is disfellowshipped
- 1983The Bossert Hotel at 98 Montague Street is bought as a residence
- 1983 3/1360 Furman Street is bought and renovated for shipping, carpentry and construction
- 1984Leo Greenlees resigns from the Governing Body
- 1984A 270-hectare farm at Patterson, New York, is bought for $2.1 million
- 1988 6/16Martin Poetzinger dies
- 1992 12/22Frederick Franz dies
- 1992 12/30Milton George Henschel becomes the fifth president of the Society
- 1994 7/1Gerrit Loesch joins the Governing Body
- 1995A 30-story residential building for 1,000 workers is completed at 90 Sands Street
- 1999 10/2Guy Pierce and David Splane are announced as Governing Body members
- 2000From this point the Society’s president is a ‘helper’ to the Governing Body rather than its leader
- 2000 10/7Corporate restructuring: Governing Body members resign from the boards; Don A. Adams becomes president
- 2003 3/22Milton Henschel dies
- 2004Printing operations begin transferring from Brooklyn to Wallkill; 360 Furman Street sells for $205 million
- 2005 9/1Anthony Morris III and Geoffrey Jackson join the Governing Body
- 2009 February$11.5 million is paid for 100 hectares at Ramapo, New York, for a new administrative complex
- 2010 6/9Theodore Jaracz dies
- 2012 JulyWarwick Planning Commission approves the environmental impact statement for the new headquarters
- 2012 9/1Mark Sanderson joins the Governing Body
- 2013 JulyWarwick approves building plans for the new headquarters complex
- 2014 3/18Guy Pierce dies
- 2016World headquarters relocates from Brooklyn to Warwick, New York
- 2016 5/1124 Columbia Heights, held since 1909, is sold for $105 million
- 2016 8/3The 25/30 Columbia Heights headquarters complex is sold for $340 million
- 2017 4/20The Russian Supreme Court bans Jehovah’s Witnesses as an extremist organisation
- 2018 1/24Kenneth Cook Jr. joins the Governing Body
- 2023 1/18Gage Fleegle joins the Governing Body
- 2023 2/22Anthony Morris III leaves the Governing Body in unclear circumstances
- 2024 10/5Jody Jedele joins the Governing Body
Watchtower (Jehovah’s Witnesses) Doctrinal and Policy Changes
- 1879Russell teaches Christ’s invisible presence began in 1874
- 1889The Time Is at Hand identifies 1914 as the end of the Gentile Times
- 1914 OctoberThe Gentile Times expire without the expected end; Russell reinterprets the date
- 1918Teaching that 1918 would see the destruction of Christendom passes unfulfilled
- 1920Congregations begin submitting weekly field service reports
- 1921Vaccination is condemned in The Golden Age
- 1925The prediction that the ancient worthies would be resurrected in 1925 fails
- 1927Christmas observance is abandoned
- 1928The pyramid as a divine witness is repudiated
- 1929The ‘superior authorities’ of Romans 13 are redefined as Jehovah and Jesus rather than secular rulers
- 1931 7/26The name Jehovah’s Witnesses is adopted; congregational identity is restructured around it
- 1935 5/31At the Washington DC convention Rutherford identifies the ‘great multitude’ as an earthly class, closing the heavenly hope to most
- 1938Marriage and childbearing are discouraged until after Armageddon
- 1939Flag salute is formally prohibited, triggering mass expulsions of Witness children from US schools
- 1945 7/1The Watchtower prohibits blood transfusions for the first time
- 1951Blood policy is extended to cover all blood products
- 1952The vaccination ban is lifted and left to conscience
- 1952The modern disfellowshipping arrangement is formalised in The Watchtower
- 1961 1/15Accepting a blood transfusion becomes a disfellowshipping offence
- 1962 11/15The ‘superior authorities’ teaching reverts to secular governments, reversing the 1929 change
- 1966Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God draws attention to 1975 as the end of 6,000 years of human history
- 1967 11/15Organ transplants are condemned as cannibalism
- 1968Publications intensify expectation surrounding 1975
- 1973Tobacco use becomes a disfellowshipping offence
- 1974 8/1Shunning is briefly relaxed, allowing limited family contact with disfellowshipped relatives
- 1975The expectation surrounding 1975 fails; membership growth stalls and many leave
- 1976Congregation oversight passes from a single overseer to a body of elders
- 1980Discussion of doubts about doctrine is made grounds for disfellowshipping even without promoting them
- 1980 3/15The organ transplant prohibition is reversed and left to individual conscience
- 1981 9/15Shunning is tightened; disassociation is introduced and those who formally leave are shunned as if expelled
- 1982Albumin and certain blood fractions are made a matter of conscience
- 1989Elders are directed to keep records of child sexual abuse allegations confidential at headquarters
- 1991 10/8An Awake! issue addresses child sexual abuse, prompting tens of thousands of letters
- 1992 4/8A follow-up Awake! on child sexual abuse is published
- 1995 11/1The ‘generation’ of 1914 is redefined, abandoning the expectation that 1914 contemporaries would see the end
- 1995 11/1Recovered or repressed memories are ruled insufficient to satisfy the two-witness requirement
- 1997 1/1A Watchtower article addresses known child abusers, but limits ‘known’ to cases already public
- 1997 3/14A body of elders letter narrows the definition of a ‘known’ molester still further
- 2000 4/1Blood fractions become a matter of conscience; those accepting transfusions are treated as having disassociated themselves rather than being disfellowshipped
- 2002Revised child abuse handling instructions are issued to elders following media scrutiny
- 2004 6/15Guidance on acceptable blood fractions is clarified and expanded
- 2007Nine child sexual abuse lawsuits are settled confidentially in the United States
- 2010 4/15The ‘overlapping generations’ teaching is introduced to preserve the significance of 1914
- 2012 6/27The Conti verdict in California finds the organisation liable for failing to warn about a known abuser
- 2012 7/15The ‘faithful and discreet slave’ is redefined as the Governing Body alone
- 2015The Australian Royal Commission finds 1,006 alleged perpetrators recorded since 1950, none reported to police by the organisation
- 2016Warwick becomes world headquarters; congregational meeting formats are further streamlined
- 2017The UK Charity Commission concludes its inquiry into safeguarding practice
- 2017 4/20Jehovah’s Witnesses are banned in Russia as an extremist organisation
- 2019Elders are instructed to report abuse to authorities where required by law, while retaining the two-witness rule for congregational action
- 2023 NovemberPublishers are no longer required to report hours in the ministry; only participation and Bible studies are recorded
- 2023 12/15Governing Body Update announces that beards are a personal decision, ending a decades-long prohibition
- 2024Dress standards are relaxed: women may wear slacks and men may attend without a suit or tie
- 2024 JanuaryThe beards announcement is played to congregations worldwide
- 2024 MarchMembers may greet shunned individuals and invite them to meetings, unless they are regarded as apostates
- 2024 AugustThe term ‘disfellowshipping’ is retired in favour of ‘removed from the congregation’
- 2025A letter to Bethel members specifies that beards must be neatly trimmed
Barbara Anderson Timeline
- 1909Barbara‘s maternal grandfather arrives in Chicago from Poland
- 1910Barbara‘s grandmother arrives in Chicago with her son Bruno
- 1912 1/14Barbara‘s father is born to Polish Catholic immigrants in Flushing, New York
- 1914Alexander Plochocki decides to take his family back to Poland as Bible Students predict a climactic 1914 conflict
- 1914 7/28War begins in Europe, matching the Bible Students’ Chronological Chart prediction of conflict in 1914-1915
- 1914 DecemberBarbara‘s grandparents leave the United States for Poland by ship as German submarines are sinking vessels
- 1915 1/1Barbara‘s mother is born in Poland, two weeks after the crossing
- 1916 DecemberA Watch Tower account of Russell‘s death reveals to Barbara, decades later, that his marriage had been celibate
- 1918Barbara‘s grandfather is excommunicated by the Catholic Church in Poland for reading the Bible
- 1930Barbara‘s mother is sent to the United States on her dying sister Sophie‘s birth certificate and passport
- 1935Barbara‘s parents marry
- 1935Barbara‘s mother marries Alfred Kalstek and becomes a legal American citizen
- 1935Lyle Reusch, a longtime special representative of the Society, enters Bethel
- 1935 1/15Joe Anderson born in Freeport, Long Island, New York
- 1938 JanuaryBarbara‘s brother Alfred is born
- 1940 7/15Barbara born at Meadowbrook Hospital, East Meadow, Long Island, New York
- 1943Joe baptised in Tampa, Florida
- 1946 JulyBarbara‘s paternal grandfather, a subway conductor, dies of stomach cancer
- 1947Walking to catechism class, Barbara and a friend are offered candy by a man in a parked car
- 1948Aged eight, Barbara invites a Jewish girl to her tap dancing class and first senses that religion divides people
- 1953Joe begins pioneer service
- 1953Aged thirteen, Barbara meets a Witness calling door to door and her mother accepts a Bible study
- 1954Barbara first attends the Hempstead congregation, Long Island
- 1954Barbara and her mother formally leave the Catholic Church
- 1954 SpringFrances Pollini takes Barbara and her mother to tour Bethel, where she meets receptionist Bill Cetnar
- 1954 10/30Barbara baptized in the basement pool of the Lake Ronkonkoma Kingdom Hall, Long Island
- 1956Joe enters Bethel service for the first time
- 1956Barbara attends the Miami, Florida congregation
- 1956 SummerBarbara vacation-pioneers with Gilead missionary Mary Ruth Alexander near Athens, Ohio
- 1957Barbara moves to Reform, Alabama, ‘where the need was great’
- 1957Barbara, seventeen, is stranded broke on a preaching assignment in Columbus, Mississippi
- 1957Harry Peloyan, a Harvard graduate disinherited by his father, arrives at Bethel
- 1958Barbara returns to the Hempstead congregation, Long Island
- 1958Barbara volunteers at Brooklyn headquarters for the International Convention at Yankee Stadium and the Polo Grounds
- 1959Barbara attends the West Palm Beach, Florida congregation
- 1959Joe finishes operating the printing presses at Bethel
- 1959 NovemberBarbara and Joe marry in West Palm Beach, Florida
- 1961 9/14Their son Lance is born
- 1968Joe quits Florida Power and Light to pioneer full time after leaders begin pointing to 1975
- 1974Barbara attends the Pikeville, Tennessee congregation
- 1975The year 1975 comes and goes
- 1976Barbara attends the Manchester, Tennessee congregation
- 1982 MarchA routine family visit on a Saturday morning opens the path that takes Barbara and Joe to Bethel
- 1982 JuneBarbara and Joe enter Bethel service in Brooklyn, joining the Parkside Congregation
- 1984Barbara first hears of child sexual abuse in the organization, from a colleague describing a convicted elder
- 1985 1/22Awake! runs the cover series ‘Child Molesting, Every Mother’s Nightmare’
- 1989Barbara transfers out of the Construction Engineering Department and joins the Writing Department
- 1989Barbara becomes research assistant to senior writer Karl Adams on the new official history
- 1989Karl Klein is by now visibly in decline, cranky and unpredictable
- 1990Mary Woodard‘s essay ‘Moving Forward’ circulates among Witnesses, describing the effects of sexual abuse
- 1991Bill Cetnar dies
- 1991 10/8The Awake! issue on child sexual abuse appears; tens of thousands of letters follow
- 1992Lloyd Barry begins the Society’s gradual softening toward higher education
- 1992Barbara leaves Bethel at the end of the year to care for her ageing parents in Tennessee
- 1992 JanuaryBarbara tells Harry Peloyan and Eric Beveridge what Witness women told her; a full Awake! is authorised
- 1992 4/8A follow-up Awake! on abuse is published
- 1992 7/8Awake! publishes ‘Women Deserving of Respect’, running fifteen pages
- 1993The Andersons living in Tullahoma attend the Manchester, Tennessee congregation
- 1993 JanuaryHarry Peloyan delivers a large packet of documented abuse information to every Governing Body member
- 1993 7/21Barbara writes to Governing Body member Lloyd Barry about a known molester still in the door-to-door ministry
- 1993 8/8Lance‘s letter of appreciation for his upbringing is printed on the back page of Awake!
- 1994Barbara and Joe go through a folder of intimidation complaints in Harry Peloyan‘s office
- 1994A Kingdom Ministry School class for elders, conducted by Abramson, formally approves therapy for abuse survivors
- 1995 8/1A letter to all bodies of elders warns that a former abuser should never be alone with a child
- 1995 NovemberThe Watch Tower rules that recovered memories cannot satisfy the two-witness requirement, reflecting Ted Jaracz‘s influence
- 1997Lance and Wendy leave headquarters, wanting children that Bethel life made impossible
- 1997 1/1A Watchtower article appears to address abuse, but the word ‘known’ leaves a decisive loophole
- 1997 FebruaryHarry Peloyan replies to Barbara in a personal letter
- 1997 3/14A body of elders letter clarifies that a molester is only ‘known’ if the congregation already knows
- 1998Barbara leaves the Jehovah’s Witness organization
- 1999Grandson Luke is born
- 2000A friend finds a forum post from an elder describing a presiding overseer who had admitted molestation and kept his position
- 2001At the Nashville elders’ school Joe tells Chuck Woody about Bill Young denying knowledge of the Watchtower’s UN association
- 2001 1/1Bill Bowen goes public
- 2001 6/15Liz Altgilber emails Barbara reporting that Watchtower already knew of her forthcoming Dateline appearance
- 2001 9/11The Dateline broadcast, set for November, is postponed indefinitely
- 2002 AprilWatchtower repeatedly telephones Dateline producer Richard Greenberg seeking the broadcast date
- 2002 4/30After months of calls, Watch Tower learns the Dateline program will air on 28 May
- 2002 5/3Presiding Overseer Larry Seely informs Joe that Brooklyn has directed a judicial committee against Barbara for ‘causing divisions’
- 2002 5/10Barbara attends her judicial hearing; no proof of the charges is produced and the meeting is dismissed
- 2002 5/18Larry Seely and Dale Dormanen telephone Barbara with two further charges
- 2002 5/19Barbara writes to the committee declining to attend; the hearing proceeds in her absence
- 2002 5/23Larry Seely writes that the committee has decided to disfellowship Barbara for causing divisions
- 2002 5/24Watch Tower sends a letter to all United States congregations to be read aloud the week before Dateline airs
- 2002 5/28Barbara appears on Dateline NBC
- 2002 6/5Joe sends his elder resignation letter to Robert Johnson and Governing Body members Jack Barr and Daniel Sydlik
- 2002 7/8Barbara and Joe last see their grandson Luke with Lance and Wendy
- 2002 7/19Joe is charged with ‘undermining the confidence of the brothers’
- 2002 7/22Elder Robert E. Matthews telephones Barbara to tell her she has been disfellowshipped
- 2002 7/25Barbara‘s disfellowshipping is announced at the Manchester, Tennessee Kingdom Hall
- 2002 7/27Joe meets the Manchester elders for his judicial hearing, continued on 31 July
- 2002 7/31Joe is disfellowshipped
- 2002 8/7Joe appeals his disfellowshipping by letter
- 2002 8/8Lance tells Barbara that Bob Johnson of the Service Department called her brilliant but ‘not spiritual’
- 2002 8/15Joe‘s disfellowshipping is announced at Manchester; his resignation letter arrives at every congregant’s home the same day
- 2002 8/16Bill Bowen is disfellowshipped
- 2002 NovemberBarbara files a defamation lawsuit against the Watch Tower
- 2006Barbara‘s mother dies at ninety-one, having revealed the passport subterfuge shortly before
- 2007Watch Tower settles seven California, one Oregon and one Texas case together for nearly thirteen million dollars
- 2009 JuneBarbara and Joe spend a month in Europe: Switzerland, Italy, France and Scotland
- 20128 years since Barbara and Joe saw their children and grandchild (in 2026: 22 years).
- 2013Continued activities re issues of child safety and justice & victim support & legal remedies & writing etc.